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Arduino - HTTP Request
Arduino can play a role as a web client to make HTTP to a web server. Web Server can be a website, Web API or REST API, Web service ...
In this tutorial, we are going to learn:
- Basic knowledge of web client and web server
- How to make an HTTP request (GET and POST)
- How to send data to a web server (a website, WEB API or REST API)
- Arduino code:
- Make HTTP GET/POST request using Arduino Uno/Mega + Ethernet Shield 2
- Make HTTP GET request and send data using Arduino Uno/Mega + Ethernet Shield 2
- Make HTTP POST request and send data using Arduino Uno/Mega + Ethernet Shield 2
- Arduino Uno R4 WiFi
- Arduino Uno/Mega with Ethernet Shield 2
- Your PC/smartphone (as a web client) makes an HTTP request to a web server
- The web server returns an HTTP response to your PC/smartphone
- Your PC/smartphone receives the HTTP response and visualizes HTTP response on your screen
- HTTP request header
- (Optional) HTTP request body
- Web Address (URL)
- Request method (POST or GET)
- HTTP port that web server uses (most of web server uses port 80 for HTTP)
- (Optional) Data to be sent to web server (query string). In this tutorial, we suppose that we send temperature and humidity to a web server with format ?temperature={t-value}&humidity={h-value}.
- Declare request method, HTTP port, hostname, pathname, query string
- Declare a web client object
- Connect to web server
- If connected to server, send HTTP request
- Read the response data from web server
- HTTP GET request
- Can only send data in query string format.
- Data is attached to the pathname.
- HTTP POST request
- Can send data NOT ONLY in query string format BUT ALSO any other format such as Json, XML, image ...
- Data is HTTP request body.
- Build query string
- Modify the code for sending Data in the HTTP request
- HTTP GET: append query string to pathname
- HTTP POST: send query string as HTTP body
- Read the response data from web server
- For Ethernet Shield 2, you need to modify Arduino code. See Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 with static IP address
The code for other WiFi or Ethernet Shield/Board are similar. The difference is only in library
The tutorial provides the Arduino code for two cases:
Hardware Required
| 1 | × | Arduino UNO R4 WiFi | |
| 1 | × | USB Cable Type-C | |
| 1 | × | (Recommended) Screw Terminal Block Shield for Arduino Uno | |
| 1 | × | (Optional) Transparent Acrylic Enclosure For Arduino Uno |
Alternatively if using Ethernet:
Or you can buy the following sensor kit:
| 1 | × | DIYables Sensor Kit 30 types, 69 units |
Please note: These are Amazon affiliate links. If you buy the components through these links, We will get a commission at no extra cost to you. We appreciate it.
Basic Knowledge of Web Client and Web Server
When you access a website from your PC or smartphone, you just type the web address (URL) on a web browser, waits for a second, and then the webpage is displayed on your PC/smartphone. You do not know what your PC/smartphone does behind the screen. So, what happens behind the screen:
In this tutorial, We will make Arduino become a web client to do something similar to your PC/smartphone.
Web Address (URL)
An URL includes two parts: hostname and pathname. The hostname can be replaced by the IP address of the web server. For example: example.com/test
In HTTP GET request, URL can includes the query string. For example: example.com/test?temperature=20&humidity=70.
Query String
The query string is a set of name-value pairs, which are included in HTTP request to send data from web client to web server.
The name and value is separated by "=" character. The name-value pairs are separated by "&" character.
For example: temperature=26&humidity=70&state=2
HTTP Request
The HTTP request is composed of:
HTTP request header and HTTP request body is seperated by two pair of a carriage return character (ASCII 13, or '\r') and a newline character (ASCII 10, or '\n').
There are many request method. Among them, there are two popular methods: GET and POST.
Usually, we use GET method when we want to get data from web server, and use POST method to send data to web server. However, GET method can be used for either get and send data from/to webserver
Prerequisite
We need to determine the following values:
Web Address (URL) is splitted into hostname and pathname
How to Make an HTTP Request
This part presents only code related to HTTP. Full code for each shield will be presents in the last part.
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "GET"; // or "POST"
char HOST_NAME[] = "example.phpoc.com"; // hostname of web server:
String PATH_NAME = "";
| Arduino Ethernet Shield 2 | EthernetClient client; |
| Arduino Uno WiFi | WiFiClient client; |
if(client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
Serial.println("Connected to server");
} else {
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
// send HTTP request header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP request header
while(client.available())
{
// read an incoming byte from the server and print them to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
if(!client.connected())
{
// if the server's disconnected, stop the client:
Serial.println("disconnected");
client.stop();
}
How to Send Data to a Web Server
We can include data into HTTP request. data format is depended on HTTP request method:
We just need to modify the code for sending the HTTP request:
int temp = // read from sensor
int humi = // read from sensor
String queryString = String("?temperature=") + String(temp) + String("&humidity=") + String(humi);
// send HTTP header
client.println("GET " + PATH_NAME + queryString + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
// send HTTP header
client.println("POST " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
// send HTTP body
client.println(queryString);
while(client.available())
{
// read an incoming byte from the server and print them to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
if(!client.connected())
{
// if the server's disconnected, stop the client:
Serial.println("disconnected");
client.stop();
}
Complete Arduino Code for Making HTTP Request
The blow is the complete arduino code for making HTTP GET/POST request
Arduino HTTP GET/POST request using Arduino Uno R4 Wifi
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <WiFiS3.h>
const char ssid[] = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID"; // change your network SSID (name)
const char pass[] = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD"; // change your network password (use for WPA, or use as key for WEP)
WiFiClient client;
int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "GET"; // or POST
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// check for the WiFi module:
if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_MODULE) {
Serial.println("Communication with WiFi module failed!");
// don't continue
while (true)
;
}
String fv = WiFi.firmwareVersion();
if (fv < WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION) {
Serial.println("Please upgrade the firmware");
}
// attempt to connect to WiFi network:
while (status != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial.print("Attempting to connect to SSID: ");
Serial.println(ssid);
// Connect to WPA/WPA2 network. Change this line if using open or WEP network:
status = WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
// wait 10 seconds for connection:
delay(10000);
}
// print your board's IP address:
Serial.print("IP Address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// connect to web server on port 80:
if (client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else { // if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
Arduino HTTP GET/POST request using Arduino Ethernet Shield 2
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
// replace the MAC address below by the MAC address printed on a sticker on the Arduino Shield 2
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
EthernetClient client;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "GET"; // or POST
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the Ethernet shield using DHCP:
if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {
Serial.println("Failed to obtaining an IP address using DHCP");
while(true);
}
// connect to web server on port 80:
if(client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
while(client.connected()) {
if(client.available()){
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else {// if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
Complete Arduino Code for Making HTTP GET Request with data
Arduino HTTP GET request with data using Arduino Uno R4 Wifi
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <WiFiS3.h>
const char ssid[] = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID"; // change your network SSID (name)
const char pass[] = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD"; // change your network password (use for WPA, or use as key for WEP)
WiFiClient client;
int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "GET";
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
String queryString = "?value1=26&value2=70";
;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// check for the WiFi module:
if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_MODULE) {
Serial.println("Communication with WiFi module failed!");
// don't continue
while (true)
;
}
String fv = WiFi.firmwareVersion();
if (fv < WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION) {
Serial.println("Please upgrade the firmware");
}
// attempt to connect to WiFi network:
while (status != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial.print("Attempting to connect to SSID: ");
Serial.println(ssid);
// Connect to WPA/WPA2 network. Change this line if using open or WEP network:
status = WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
// wait 10 seconds for connection:
delay(10000);
}
// print your board's IP address:
Serial.print("IP Address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// connect to web server on port 80:
if (client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + queryString + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else { // if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
Arduino HTTP GET request with data using Arduino Ethernet Shield 2
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
// replace the MAC address below by the MAC address printed on a sticker on the Arduino Shield 2
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
EthernetClient client;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "GET";
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
String queryString = "?value1=26&value2=70";;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the Ethernet shield using DHCP:
if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {
Serial.println("Failed to obtaining an IP address using DHCP");
while(true);
}
// connect to web server on port 80:
if(client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + queryString + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
while(client.connected()) {
if(client.available()){
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else {// if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
Complete Arduino Code for Making HTTP POST Request with data
Arduino HTTP POST request with data using Arduino Uno R4 Wifi
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <WiFiS3.h>
const char ssid[] = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID"; // change your network SSID (name)
const char pass[] = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD"; // change your network password (use for WPA, or use as key for WEP)
WiFiClient client;
int status = WL_IDLE_STATUS;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "POST";
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
String queryString = "?value1=26&value2=70";
;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// check for the WiFi module:
if (WiFi.status() == WL_NO_MODULE) {
Serial.println("Communication with WiFi module failed!");
// don't continue
while (true)
;
}
String fv = WiFi.firmwareVersion();
if (fv < WIFI_FIRMWARE_LATEST_VERSION) {
Serial.println("Please upgrade the firmware");
}
// attempt to connect to WiFi network:
while (status != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial.print("Attempting to connect to SSID: ");
Serial.println(ssid);
// Connect to WPA/WPA2 network. Change this line if using open or WEP network:
status = WiFi.begin(ssid, pass);
// wait 10 seconds for connection:
delay(10000);
}
// print your board's IP address:
Serial.print("IP Address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
// connect to web server on port 80:
if (client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
// send HTTP body
client.println(queryString);
while (client.connected()) {
if (client.available()) {
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else { // if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
Arduino HTTP POST request with data using Arduino Ethernet Shield 2
/*
* Created by ArduinoGetStarted.com
*
* This example code is in the public domain
*
* Tutorial page: https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-http-request
*/
#include <SPI.h>
#include <Ethernet.h>
// replace the MAC address below by the MAC address printed on a sticker on the Arduino Shield 2
byte mac[] = { 0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED };
EthernetClient client;
int HTTP_PORT = 80;
String HTTP_METHOD = "POST";
char HOST_NAME[] = "maker.ifttt.com";
String PATH_NAME = "/trigger";
String queryString = "?value1=26&value2=70";;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
// initialize the Ethernet shield using DHCP:
if (Ethernet.begin(mac) == 0) {
Serial.println("Failed to obtaining an IP address using DHCP");
while(true);
}
// connect to web server on port 80:
if(client.connect(HOST_NAME, HTTP_PORT)) {
// if connected:
Serial.println("Connected to server");
// make a HTTP request:
// send HTTP header
client.println(HTTP_METHOD + " " + PATH_NAME + " HTTP/1.1");
client.println("Host: " + String(HOST_NAME));
client.println("Connection: close");
client.println(); // end HTTP header
// send HTTP body
client.println(queryString);
while(client.connected()) {
if(client.available()){
// read an incoming byte from the server and print it to serial monitor:
char c = client.read();
Serial.print(c);
}
}
// the server's disconnected, stop the client:
client.stop();
Serial.println();
Serial.println("disconnected");
} else {// if not connected:
Serial.println("connection failed");
}
}
void loop() {
}
※ NOTE THAT:
This tutorial used the dynamic IP address (via DHCP). If you want to use the static IP address:
WARNING
Note that this tutorial is incomplete. We will post on our Facebook Page when the tutorial is complete. Like it to get updated.
